Answer : A

Explanation : Spiti Valley, located in the Himalayas in the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, is a classic example of a glacial valley.
• The region has been heavily influenced by glacial activity over thousands of years, which has carved out its distinctive U-shaped cross-section.
• The steep, rugged sides and flat valley floor are typical of glacial erosion. Additionally, Spiti Valley features hanging valleys, where smaller tributary glaciers have carved valleys that are higher than the main valley floor, often resulting in dramatic waterfalls.
• Hence, Option A is the correct answer.

Option B is not correct as This valley is primarily shaped by fluvial (river) processes rather than glacial action. The Brahmaputra River has carved out a wide, V-shaped valley through erosion and sediment deposition, which is not characteristic of glacial valleys.
Option C is not correct as Located in the Himalayas, However, it is primarily shaped by fluvial processes and does not exhibit the classic U-shaped cross-section of a glacial valley.
Option D is incorrect as This valley in central India is formed by the Krishna River and is known for its fertile plains. While it is predominantly shaped by fluvial processes.

Answer : B

Explanation : The Silent Valley National Park, known for its rich biodiversity, is located in the basin of the Kunthipuzha River.

• The Kunthipuzha River originates in the Silent Valley National Park, which is situated in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. The park is a protected area, renowned for its lush tropical rainforests, diverse wildlife, and unique ecosystem.
  • The Kunthipuzha River flows through the national park and eventually merges with the Bharathapuzha River, also known as the Nila River. The river plays a vital role in maintaining the park's ecosystem and supporting the diverse flora and fauna that inhabit the region.

Answer : A

Explanation : Marine terraces are coastal landforms that are formed when the sea level changes, either due to eustatic changes (global sea-level changes) or tectonic uplift (uplift of the land due to tectonic forces). Along the Konkan coast, the formation of marine terraces is primarily attributed to the combination of eustatic sea-level changes and tectonic uplift.

• During the Pleistocene era, the sea level fluctuated due to glacial cycles, resulting in the formation of marine terraces. The tectonic uplift of the Western Ghats, which runs parallel to the Konkan coast, also contributed to the formation of these terraces. The uplift caused the sea floor to rise, creating a series of stepped terraces that are now visible along the coast.

Answer : D

Explanation :
Statement 1 is correct as The Sutlej River originates from the Rakshastal Lake, also known as Lake Rakshastal, which is located in the Tibetan Plateau. The lake is situated at an altitude of 4,755 meters (15,607 ft) above sea level. The Sutlej River flows through India and Pakistan before joining the Indus River, which ultimately empties into the Arabian Sea. The Sutlej River is indeed the easternmost tributary of the Indus River system.

• Statement 2 is incorrect as The Malwa Plateau is actually drained by the Chambal River, not the Narmada River. The Chambal River flows through the Malwa Plateau, which is a region in western India that covers parts of the states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat.
  • The Narmada River, on the other hand, flows through the Narmada Valley, which is located to the south of the Malwa Plateau. The Malwa Plateau is known for its black soil, which is suitable for growing crops such as cotton, wheat, and soybeans.
• Statement 3 is incorrect as The Pir Panjal Range is a part of the Himalayan mountain range, but it is not the southernmost range. The Shivalik Range, also known as the Churia Range, is the southernmost range of the Himalayas.
  o The Pir Panjal Range is located in the middle Himalayas, and it stretches for approximately 300 kilometers (186 miles) across the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. The range is heavily forested, with a mix of coniferous and deciduous tree species.

Answer : C
Explanation :
• Statement 1 is correct as Tsunamis are indeed caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. They have long wavelengths (often over 100 km) and high speeds (up to 500 miles per hour) in deep water, which allows them to travel long distances without losing much energy.
• Statement 2 is correct as Rogue waves, also known as freak waves, are unusually large and unpredictable waves that can occur in the open ocean. They are thought to be caused by constructive interference of smaller waves, which can create a rare and unexpected wave that is much larger than the surrounding waves.