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Answer: D

Explanation:

The Battle of Swally was a naval battle fought in 1612 between the English East India Company and the Portuguese. The English, led by Captain Thomas Best, defeated the Portuguese fleet, marking a significant victory for the English in their struggle for trade supremacy in the Indian Ocean.

Answer: D

Explanation:

The statement 1 is incorrect because Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh, actually maintained a nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor and did not openly defy the emperor's authority.

The statement 2 is also incorrect because Shuja-ud-daula actually allied with Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Marathas during the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.

Therefore, D is the correct answer.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect because the East India Company's monopoly on Indian trade was abolished in 1813, and the British government imposed a policy of free trade on India. This allowed British goods to enter India freely, which hurt Indian handicrafts.

Statement 2 is correct because after the mid-19th century, particularly after 1850, the British invested large amounts of capital in India, mainly in railways, loans to the Indian government, and other industries.

Answer: B

Explanation:

The British suppression of the Revolt of 1857 led to several sever: consequences, including:

The dissolution of the East India Company and the establishment of direct British Crown rule.

The implementation of the "Divide and Rule" policy to prevent future uprisings.

The reorganization of the Indian army to reduce the proportion of Indian soldiers and increase the proportion of British soldiers.

However, the British did not introduce policies to protect the rights of Indian soldiers (sepoys) immediately after the revolt. Instead, the British took measures to reduce the influence and power of Indian soldiers, including reducing their proportion in the army and introducing new recruitment policies.

Answer: C

Explanation:

The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a complex and multifaceted event that cannot be attributed to a single cause. While the introduction of the Enfield rifle and its greased cartridges (option D) was a spark that ignited the revolt, it was not the sole cause.

The revolt was a culmination of various economic, political, and social grievances that had been building up over time, including:

Economic exploitation and land grabs by the British East India Company

Displacement of traditional Indian industries and crafts

Heavy taxation and revenue collection

Political subjugation and erosion of Indian autonomy

Social and cultural changes imposed by the British, such as the introduction of Western education and Christian missionaries

These grievances created widespread resentment and discontent among various sections of Indian society, including the sepoy army, landlords, peasants, and artisans. The revolt was therefore a complex and multifaceted event that cannot be reduced to a single cause.