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Answer: B

Explanation:
The Indian National Association was a pioneering organization in India's struggle for independence. Founded in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose, it was one of the first declared nationalist organizations in British India.
The association's primary objectives were to promote political awareness among Indians, advocate for their rights, and unite the educated middle class. It aimed to build a strong public opinion on political issues and bring about the unity of Indian races and peoples based on common political interests and aspirations.

Some notable features of the Indian National Association include:

• Promoting Political Awareness: It worked to raise political consciousness among Indians and encourage public debate on national issues.
• Advocating for Rights: The association advocated for greater representation of Indians in legislative councils and government appointments.
• Social Reforms: It supported social reforms addressing issues like poverty, education, and women's rights.
• Unity: The association fostered unity among various sections of Indian society in the struggle against British rule.

The Indian National Association played a significant role in shaping India's freedom struggle. It laid the groundwork for the emergence of the Indian National Congress in 1885 and influenced subsequent political movements.

Theme: Indian national movement

Answer: B

Explanation:
The Bombay Mill Hands Association was actually founded by Narain Meghajee Lokhande in 1890. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct as it advocated the rights of workers.

Read more:
https://www.epw.in/journal/1997/7/commentary/narayan-meghaji-lokhande-father-trade-union-movement-india.html

Theme: Indian National movement

Answer: A

Explanation:

Judicial Reforms under British Colonial Rule :
Warren Hastings (1772–1785)

During Warren Hastings' tenure, significant judicial reforms were implemented to streamline the Indian legal system. Key reforms included:

• Establishment of District Diwani Adalats in each district to adjudicate civil disputes.
• Creation of District Faujdari Adalats to try criminal cases, with an Indian officer assisted by qazis and muftis.
• Establishment of a Supreme Court in Calcutta under the Regulating Act of 1773.

William Bentinck (1828–1833):
William Bentinck's administration introduced further reforms to modernize the Indian judicial system. Notable reforms included:

• Abolition of the four Circuit Courts, with their functions transferred to collectors.
• Establishment of the Sadar Diwani Adalat (Civil Court) and Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Criminal Court) in Allahabad.
• Introduction of vernacular languages or Persian as official court languages, while English replaced Persian in the Supreme Court.
• Formation of a Law Commission under Thomas Macaulay in 1833 to codify Indian laws.

Theme: Government Administration and Policies

Answer: B

Explanation:
The Limitation Act of 1859, enacted by the British, was a legislative measure aimed at protecting ryots (farmers) from exploitation by moneylenders. The Act sought to prevent the accumulation of interest over time and promote fair lending practices.
A key provision of the Act stipulated that loan agreements between moneylenders and ryots would be valid for a maximum period of three years. This provision was designed to prevent the perpetuation of debt and safeguard the interests of ryots.

Theme: Government Administration and Policies

Answer: D

Explanation:
The Ilbert Bill, introduced in 1883, aimed to empower Indian judges to try European British subjects in criminal cases. Prior to this, Europeans were exempt from being tried by Indian judges. This created inequality and injustice, as Indians were subject to British judges, while Europeans were not.
The bill sought to address this anomaly. However, it faced opposition from the European community and was eventually modified. The bill's objective was to promote equality and fairness in the judicial system. It was a significant attempt at reform during the British colonial era.

Theme: Government Administration and Policies